The philosopher Peter Singer famously argued that the reasonably well-to-do are morally obligated to donate everything they earn in excess of a minimal standard of living to charity. (His "minimal standard of living" involved spending only $30,000 per year for a family of four.)
One can observe that most people are not actually doing this, so they probably are not convinced by his widely publicized arguments.
While I don't share Singer's views, some people who (broadly) do have set up a very interesting website where they talk about the impact your career can have on the world. Here's a link.
If you're interested in my views, something like them is represented by the economist Tyler Cowen in this dialogue.